could only appear to view either through extrinsic “intervention” from an irrelevant “position” beyond the circumference of the closed universe or as the homogenous medium through which the world passes.12 Never mind that these could never be God—as the invocations of God in the work of Descartes, More, and Newton repeatedly demonstrate—for a God who is not genuinely immanent cannot be genuinely transcendent either. From a post-seventeenth-century viewpoint, Thomas Aquinas’s so-called “five ways”